Example Assignment for Examining business Ethics - Free Essay Example

Chapter 1: Executive Summary Business ethics in an organization is to establish codes of conduct with the respected and positive attitude for employees. The Caux Round Table Principles, Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and United Nations Global Impact can be entirely used to explain and analysis the importance of business ethics in the workplace. The ethical problems including gender diversity, sexual harassment, age discrimination and racial discrimination, lack of communication and lack of corporate social responsibility would be discussed and analyzed in the academic essay. Management Ethics Chapter One: Executive Summary 3 Chapter Two: Table of Contents 4 Chapter Three: Introduction.5-6 Chapter Four: Literature Review ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦.ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦..7 4.1 The Three major global codes of ethics.7 9 4.2 The discussion of business ethics..9 10 4.3 The background analysis of business ethicsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦..10 11 Chapter Five: Discussion and Analysis Why Businesses fail to management Ethics in the workplaceÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ'  ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦12 5.1 Gender DiversityÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦.12 13 5.2 Sexual HarassmentÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦.14 15 5.3 Lack of CommunicationÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦15 5.4 Discrimination (Age and Racial Discrimination)ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦..15 18 5.5 Lack of Corporate Social ResponsibilityÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦Ã ƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦18 22 Chapter Six: Conclusion and Recommendations23 26 Reference .27 29 Chapter 3: Introduction The profession of business ethics has established a practical resource that is designed for leaders and managers. Business ethics in the workplace is about moral values for the workplace and ensuring behaviors are aligned with those values. Moreover, business ethics mainly concentrates on the moral standards as people apply to business policies, institutions and behavior. Business ethics identifies the three different kinds of issues which are systemic, corporate and individual. Firstly, systemic issue in business ethics are ethical questions raised about the economic, political and other social systems within the businesses operate. Secondly, corporate issues in business ethics are ethical questions raised about a particular company. Eventually, individual issues in business ethics are ethical questions raised about a particular individual or particular individuals within a company. Therefore, business ethics, in other words, is a form of applied ethics. It includes not only the a nalysis of moral norms and moral values, but also attempts to apply the conclusions of the analysis to that assortment of institutions, technologies, transactions, activities and pursuits. Business ethics is becoming more important in the workplace. In reality, the concept of business ethics has come to mean various things to various people, but it is generally coming to know what it is right or wrong in the workplace. This is in regard to effects of products or services and in relationships with stakeholders. In many businesses, having ethics is frowned upon or thought of as a negative subject. That is the main reason why many businesses fail to management. Chapter 4: Literature Review 4.1: The three major global codes of ethics Many of organizations have shown the foresight to develop a global code of ethics that both of profit and non-profit organizations can use as a starting point to develop or revise the codes of ethics. Three of the major global codes of ethics are the Caux Round Table Principles, the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines for multinational enterprises and the United Nations Global Compact (Peter Sarah, 2009). Caux Round Table Principles: The Caux Round Table is an international network of business leaders who are committed to promoting the concept of moral capitalism. It is through the Caux Round Talbe principles that businesses will be able to be socially responsible and promote sustainability of these ideals. The Caux Round Talbe should have equipped the following principle: Businesses need to respect the environment. Businesses need to respect the global rules. Businesses need to support multilateral trade. Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: OECD guidelines are recommendations made by governments for multinational enterprises to adopt into their own codes of ethics. The goal of the OECD is to encourage multinational enterprises to make a positive contribution to the economic, environmental and social progress of countries around the world. The OECD should have equipped the following principle: Organizations need to develop and apply effective self-regulatory practices and management systems. Organizations need to respect human rights of all those individuals impacted by the organization. Organizations need to make all of the employees aware of all compliance and company policies that impact the behavior of the employees. United Nations Global Impact: The united nation global impact is categorized into three major areas including human rights, labor standards and the natural environment. Human rights should have equipped the following principle: Business need to support and respect global human rights. Business need to make sure they are not associated with any human rights abuses. Labor Standards should have equipped the following principle: Businesses need to eliminate all forms of discrimination in the workplace. Businesses need to eliminate all forms of forced and compulsory labor. Environment should have equipped the following principle: Businesses need to support a precautionary approach to global environmental challenges. Businesses need to undertake all initiatives that promote a higher level of environmental responsibility. 4.2: The discussion of business ethics This work highlights an affinity within academic business ethics to conceive of the process of moral judgment as closely tired to the prior validity and applicability of general moral principles. This is also true in business practice (Berenbeim and Kaplan, 2007). Different types of businesses and industry organizations have instituted codes and standards of conduct that appeal to the authority of moral principles as decision making guides for internal stakeholders. The business ethics has been the domain of academics, philosophers and social critics. Consequently, the literature of business ethics is not connected with the practical needs of leaders and managers the people primarily responsible for managing ethics in the workplace. The major forms of business ethics literature include: (A) Philosophical which essentially requires extensive orientation and analysis. (B) Anthologies which require much time, review and integration. (C) Case studies which require many of cases and much time to analyses. 4.3: The background analysis of business ethics The majority of the company including international and local organizations starts to alert and concentrate on the importance of business ethics between managements and employees. One of the major challenges in business ethics is creating a safe environment where all employees or workers can raise their concerns about possible misconduct and wrongdoing. According to the authorized and official web-site of South China Morning Post, Business ethics has been an essential but difficult subject to handle (Online Reference: South China Morning Post) Many business organizations recognize the importance of business ethics but do not give it due attention. One the contrary, some organizations have simply provided the fundamental business ethic course which involves learning what is right or wrong and doing the right thing. In the reality, some of the organizations have failed to manage the business ethics in the workplace. The major elements which affect the business failure mainly ident ified and divided into six different types of categories including gender diversity, sexual harassment, lack of communication, age discrimination, racial discrimination and lack of corporate social responsibility. Firstly, the gender diversity obviously describes the prejudice on sex between male and female in the workplace. It would be happened a phenomenon that male should be able to work in aircraft maintenance industry than female. Secondly, sexual harassment of female employees at work would be the second priority elements to fail business ethics. Verbal or visual communication with sexual ideology is essentially prohibited in the workplace. Moreover, communication including formal or informal method would be generally established and identified. Thirdly, age and racial discrimination would have an unfair employment opportunity and condition for employees who are from different countries. Eventually, lack of corporate social responsibility involves businesses acting in accor dance with social principles. Chapter 5: Discussions and Analysis why businesses fail to management ethics in the workplace 5.1 Gender Diversity: The gender diversity obviously refers to lack of a good balance of both men and women in the work place. The majority of companies tend to be more partial towards one gender for specific positions. For instance, companies may prefer hiring either only men or more men than women in departments and division including aircraft maintenance. Thus, the lack of diversity of having women would be generally happened in the work place. By doing the male principle in a work place, the company may not only miss out on qualified female candidates, it is not possible to fully grow into a vibrant and diverse entity with different views and perspectives which could normally do wonders to the marketing of services and products. Therefore, diversity can enhance the environment. According to Antonys identification, a style of apparently plain statement of truth without obvious personal bias is a masculine style because it goes along with the masculine ego and its desire for mastery (Antony, 1986, P.81). Therefore, the masculine deeply involves the traditional workplace in Hong Kong including aircraft maintenance. The workplace such as aircraft maintenance has generally had clear boundaries when it comes to gender. On the managerial grade, the majority of men are typically positioned in the leadership and higher paying job. On the contrary, many of women are hired for the subordinate positions. Thus, the gender diversity in the workplace is minimal. While the glass ceiling is still happened in the reality, there are some circumstances which are obviously a huge barrier for womens career path. Even while hiring, many companies prefer men to women employees though most often they dont divulge this attitude when they advertise for the job opening. This is mainly done of the pretext that the health care requirements and social responsibilities of a woman are different than a man. Therefore, this is often viewed as a hurdle against women performance at workplace. Therefore, businesses need to be proactive and educated themselves to prevent age bias claims. There is no time like the present to evaluate current employment policies. Simple solution and action taken could include keeping abreast of all record, keeping requirements and reviewing business policies to ensure that they are neutral. Other solutions such as retaining payroll and keeping benefit plan records for terminated employees would be the way for the gender diversity. 5.2 Sexual Harassment: While the sexual harassment on female employees is prevalent in the workplace, it is either not report or ignored for female employees. The majority of female victims would keep quite due to fear of social ridicule and fear of losing the jobs. Sexual harassment is an expression of sexism that reflects and reinforces the unequal power that exists between men and women in our society. (Larkin, 1994) It is unwanted and unwelcome sexual behavior that interferes in workplace. While the negative comments on ones gender is among the more common forms of sexual harassment, it is essentially a problem that has many manifestations. Moreover, verbal sexual harassment should include the term of insults, racist comments and invasive questions. According to the official web-site of equal opportunity commission, there are many of causes about sex discrimination, sexual harassment, pregnancy discrimination and disability discrimination in the workplace. One of the sexual harassment causes shoul d be discussed and analyzed during the workplace between female and male. A female complainant who has worked in a security services company from April 2000 to March 2002. The female complainant has claimed that her male supervisor has sexually harassed her by touching her hands and staring at her breasts on several occasions during her employment period. Moreover, the male supervisor has harassed her body shape by verbal communication. The female complainant feels embarrassed and stressful during her employment period. Therefore, the sexual harassment definitely makes the workplace environment not harmonious. 5.3 Lack of Communication: Misunderstanding between management and employees is one of the common causes to fail the management ethics in the workplace. The term of lack of communication mainly adds to the confusion inside the organizations and is responsible for increased workplace pressure. Most of the employees in the workplace have had a poor internal communication as a source of pressure (EOA, 1997). Arguing with Sennett (1998), a flexible organization has only become possible because of new communication technology. An effective organization should reply on informal and formal bridging mechanisms which establish direct communication channel platform between managements and employees including electronic based communication and review meetings. (Bahrami, 1998) 5.4 Discrimination: Discrimination in a workplace is obviously seen and refers to any instance of treating someone in a less favorable manner on the basis of that persons characteristics all over the world. Although everyone has the equal opportunities and human rights, various forms of discriminatory behavior have persisted in a workplace including age discrimination and racial discrimination. Age discrimination in a workplace: Discrimination on the basis of age in the workplace becomes illegal with the passage of the age discrimination in employment act. Although this act regulates age discrimination in a number of employment decision including personnel selection, promotions and terminations, much of the attention and concern has been directed at performance evaluation decisions, perhaps due to the central role of this system in organizations. According to Gerald and Thomass identification, age discrimination will represent the most prominent area of equal employment opportunity litigation. (Gerald and Thomas, 1992, P.341) Therefore, it is quite clear from the trends and projections that an organization or a company needs to develop a guideline of the role plays in organizational behavior. Age discrimination in the workplace refers to discriminatory and harassment acts against workers or employees who are 40 years old and above. Age has investigated in the context of performance evaluation in a numbe r of workplace, demonstrating a negative age performance rating relationship. While considerable research has been conducted on age and performance in organizations as noted, little progress has been made in explaining the processes and dynamics underlying the observed negative correlations. The biggest key factor influencing the age performance correlation is the type of performance measure used. For instance, when objective productivity indices are use, there is a pattern of increases in performance as age increased. Therefore, when the managerial supervisor ratings of performance are used, there is a tendency for ratings to be lower for older employees. Racial discrimination in a workplace: Racial discrimination in a workplace is an everyday experience of the ethnic minorities living all over the world. The minority of people who are low educated and skilled workers report lower wages and poorer working conditions on their ethnic background. A word of discrimination means unequal treatment. One of the most common elements discriminated against is the person ethnicity or the race. This is called racial discrimination. In order to fully understand the different kinds of work related discrimination problem that is prevalent in work place. It is definitely helpful to identify the definition of racial discrimination. According to the United Nations International Convention on the Elimination of all form of Racial Discrimination, discrimination means any distinction, exclusion, restriction, or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin, which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment, or exercise, on an e qual footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life. Thus when the ethnic minorities do not enjoy human rights and freedom on an equal basis with the rest of society, they are discriminated against. It is important to note that discrimination which need not be intended. 5.5 Lack of Corporate Social Responsibility: Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is social responsibility as applied to business. It involves businesses acting in accordance with social principles. The CSR could mainly come in the form of philanthropy and involves the appliance of business ethics in determining business policy. According to Peter Sarahs identification, Corporate social responsibility can be defined as the obligation companies have to develop and implement courses of action that aid in social issues that impact society. (Peter Sarah, 2009, P.51) The term of corporate social responsibility is used by corporations to signify several topics including legal responsibility, fiduciary duty, legitimacy and charitable contributions. Base on the shareholder approach as the classical view on CSR, the corporate social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. The shareholder is the focal profit of the company and socially responsible activities which dont belong to the domain of organization. This app roach can be interpreted as business enterprises being concerned with corporate social responsibility. A company should have equipped a positive social awareness, environmental and economic impacts in the community where they do or open business trading in all over the world. Therefore, the corporate social responsibility is a way of doing business. Moreover, the corporate social responsibility is a useful instrument to help achieve its performance objectives defined in terms of profitability, return on investment or sales volume. For a business, different kinds of measurements are taken in consideration to classify a business as corporate social responsibility. Each kind of business tries to attempts and reaches the different goals. The positive duty suggests that businesses in corporate social responsibility may be self-motivated to have a positive impact regardless of social pressures calling for social initiatives. When this positive duty is happened, the corporate social responsibility principles are a component of the firms true identity, expressing values considered by organizational al central and enduring. On the contrary, the negative duty suggests that businesses in corporate social responsibility are compelled to adopt social responsibility initiatives in order to conform to stakeholder norms defining appropriate behavior. When this negative duty is happened, the self-motivation is replaced by corporate social responsibility initiatives that are a reaction to what is expected from stakeholders. Therefore, the corporate social responsibility in a company should have to commit and do the following business instructions responsibly: To provide a great work environment To commit to health and wellness To be respectful of community concerns To treat each other with respect and dignity To contribute positively to your communities and your environment By doing the corporate social responsibility, McDonalds has slightly violated, adopted and operated the opposite conditions of corporate social responsibility in public. Being a socially responsible leader begins a process that involves more awareness on the issues that will make a difference. McDonalds is one of the fastest growing junk food industries and has known that the food including French fries, hamburgers and hash browns harms people. Moreover, the junk food has high potential for having heart disease and has detrimental effects on land and water. Overweight and obesity have obviously tremendous consequences on everyones health. Both are linked to a number of chronic diseases including heart disease, diabetes and other cancers. The centers for Disease Control has issued a report that childhood obesity and related diseases have doubled in the past 10 years, specifically citing high-fat fast food as a cause. (Online Reference: Centers for Disease Control) According to many health organizations and medical surveys from merinews, junk food causes dis eases like caner. Its very important not to compromise health for taste. Junk food should not be a part of ones daily life. Otherwise, one would be compelled to compromise on normal tasty food and would be advised to follow the doctors menu (Online Reference: Marinews McDonalds causes cancer) On the other hand, the McDonalds in Hong Kong division pay approximately HK$15 or US$2 an hour to a new crew member. The McDonald of Hong Kong does not respect or treat employees as a fair pay condition. Under the minimum wage law, paying HK$15 is not the reasonable wages for a new crew member. (Online Reference: McDonaldss Salary) McDonalds had a right to adjust or enhance the minimum wages for the employees. Base on the above evidences, McDonalds has obviously violated the corporate social responsibility in public. All of the foods from McDonalds are not committed to the health and wellness. Moreover, McDonald in Hong Kong does not qualify to contribute the community and the environmen t. Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendations Base on the above discussion, the majority of people are used to hearing or reading of the moral benefits of attention to business ethics. Therefore, there are four types of business benefits as recommendations for business ethics in workplace. The following recommendations describe the various types of benefits from managing ethics in the workplace. Ethics programs help manage values associated with quality management, strategic planning and diversity management: Ethics programs identify values and ensure organizational behaviors which balance with those values. The ethics programs include redeveloping policies and procedures and recording the values to balance the personal behaviors with positive attitude. The overall effort of ethics programs is useful for other programs in the workplace that require behaviors to have positive attitude with values including quality management. Ethics management techniques are essentially useful for managing strategic values which are expanding market share and reducing costs. Ethics management programs are useful in managing diversity. Moreover, diversity is more than the color of peoples skin. It is acknowledging different values and perspectives. Diversity programs require recognizing and applying diverse values and perspectives which are the basis of a sound ethics management program. Ethics programs cultivate strong teamwork and productivity: Ethics programs balance employee behaviors with the major priority of ethical values preferred by leaders of the organization. The organization finds disparity and inconsistency which its preferred values and the values which have reflected by behavior in the workplace that can built community, integrity and openness which critical ingredients of strong teams in the workplace. Employees become aware of strong alignment between their values and their organization. Therefore, they simply react with strong motivation and high performance. Ethics programs are insurance policy which the ethics programs help ensure that policies are legal: There are an increasing number of lawsuits in regard to personnel matters and to effects of an organizations services or products on stakeholders. The ethical principles are state of the art legal matters. These principles are often applied to current, major ethical issues too become legislation. Attention to ethics ensures highly ethical policies and procedures in the workplace. It is better to respond to the cost of mechanisms to ensure ethical practices more than to respond to cost of litigation in future. The major intention of designed personnel policies is to ensure ethical treatment to employees including hiring, evaluating, disciplining and firing. Establishing a Global Ethics Training Program: As multinational corporations approach the issue of ethics training programs, the level of complexity increases greatly die to the intricacies of doing business in a global environment. The more countries which a firm des businesses, the more potentially different cultural beliefs need to be addressed in their global ethics training programs. The increased level of business complexity is based on the variation of ethical, cultural and legal diversity the firm must address in its ethical vision. This can be especially challenging when these are different interpretations of how doing the thing which is related to ethical behavior. There are many of critical benefits that effective ethics training programs can bring more benefits for a firm. The fist benefit is that it ensures the employees are aware of the ethical standards of the firm. In addition, the employees are given guidance as to the procedure set up within the company to report unethical behavior. Furthermore, it aids in integrating the value systems of the top managers with the other employees within the firm. During the ethics training program, the firm must give as many examples as possible to reinforce the notion of ethical conduct. Employees will be best motivated to follow the code of ethical training program.

Italian Preposition Su - La Preposizione Su

Like all of the other prepositions in Italian, like per or da, su can have many shades of meaning, however it  generally expresses the concept of being above (or on top of) of something, indicates how close something is or gives an estimate. In English, it can be translated as: OnUponOntoOn topOverAboutAbove Here are the various ways in which â€Å"su† can be used in Italian. USAGE #1: LOCATION, PLACE (STATO IN LUOGO) Il libro à ¨ sul tavolo. - The book is on the table.Un neo sulla guancia - A mark on the cheekSiediti su questa poltrona. - Sit on this armchair.Una casa sul mare - A house on the (near/by the) seaBenvenuto sul mio blog! - Welcome to my blog! In terms of location, â€Å"su† can also refer to a sphere of influence or authority: Napoleon esercitava il suo dominio su molti popoli. - Napoleon exercised his rule over many communities. USAGE #2: MOVEMENT TO A PLACE (MOTO A LUOGO) Andiamo sul terrazzo. - Let’s go on the terrace.Rimetti la penna sulla mia scrivania. - Put the pen back on my desk.Le finestre guardano sul giardino. - The windows look out toward the garden.La pioggia batte sui vetri. - The rain beats against the windows. USAGE #3: TOPIC, THEME (ARGOMENTO) Hanno discusso sulla situazione economica. - They discussed the economic situation.Leggo un libro sulla storia Italiana. - I’m reading a book on Italian history.Una mostra sul Rinascimento fiorentino - A Florentine Renaissance showÈ un problema su cui non ho il minimo controllo. - It’s a problem over which I don’t have the slightest control. USAGE #4: FIXED TIME (TEMPO DETERMINATO) Vediamoci sul tardi. - We’ll see each other later.Sul far del mattino, della sera - Around morning, around evening USAGE #6: CONTINUOUS TIME (TEMPO CONTINUATO) Ho lavorato sulle cinque ore. - I worked for around five hours.Rimarrà ² fuori casa sui quindici giorni. - I’ll be out of the house for about fifteen days. USAGE #7: AGE (ETÀ) Un uomo sui quarantanni - A man in his fortiesUna signora sulla cinquantina - A woman in her fifties USAGE #8: ESTIMATE, PRICE (STIMA, PREZZO) Costa sulle diecimila lire. - It costs around 10,000 lira. USAGE #9: QUANTITY, MEASURE (QUANTITÀ, MISURA) Peso sui settanta chili. - I weigh around seventy kilograms. USAGE #9: WAY, MATTER, MODE (MODO) Lavorare su ordinazione - Custom workUn abito su misura - Tailor-made USAGE #10: DISTRIBUTIVE (DISTRIBUTIVO) 10 donne su mille - Ten women out of a thousandLavoro cinque giorni su sette. - I work five out of seven days. Verbs that Take â€Å"Su† Saltare su - To get on (some type of transportation)Informare su - To inform aboutRiflettere su - To reflect onConcentrare(si) su - To concentrate onFare ricerca su qualcosa - To do research on something Popular Expressions Sul serio? - Seriously?Su questo non ci piove. - There’s no doubt about it.Essere sulla stessa lunghezza d’onda - To be on the same wavelength Prepositional Articles With Su When followed by a definite article, su is combined with the article to give the following combined forms known as articulated  prepositions  (preposizioni articolate): Le Preposizioni Articolate Con Su PREPOSIZONE ARTICOLO DETERMINATIVO PREPOSIZIONI ARTICOLATE su il sul su lo sullo su l sull* su i sui su gli sugli su la sulla su le sulle *This form is only used when the word following begins with a vowel, like â€Å"frasi sull’amore - phrases about love†.

Wake Forest University Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores

Wake Forest University is a private research university with an acceptance rate of 29%. Located in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Wake Forest University is one of the more selective  test-optional  colleges in the country. Nearly all successful applicants have grades that are well above average, and although students are not required to submit SAT or ACT scores, the scores of those who do submit tend to be above average. The university is a member of  Phi Beta Kappa  for its strengths in the liberal arts and sciences, and Wake Forest boasts of its small classes and impressive 11-to-1  student to faculty ratio. Overall, the university provides an unusual balance of a small college academic atmosphere and a large university sports scene. To apply, students can use the  Common Application, Coalition Application, Wake Forest Application, or College Foundation of North Carolina Application. Wake Forest has an Early Decision program that can improve admission chances for students who are sure the university is their top choice school. Considering applying to Wake Forest University? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including the average SAT/ACT scores of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Wake Forest University had an acceptance rate of 29%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 29 students were admitted, making Wake Forests admissions process competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 12,937 Percent Admitted 29% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 37% SAT Scores and Requirements Wake Forest has a test-optional standardized testing policy. Applicants to Wake Forest may submit SAT or ACT scores to the school, but they are not required. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 41% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 650 710 Math 660 760 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that of those students who submitted SAT scores to Wake Forest, most fall within the top 20% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Wake Forest scored between 650 and 710, while 25% scored below 650 and 25% scored above 710. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 660 and 760, while 25% scored below 660 and 25% scored above 760. While the SAT is not required, this data tells us that a composite SAT score of 1470 or higher is a competitive score for Wake Forest. Requirements Wake Forest does not require SAT scores for admission. ACT Scores and Requirements Wake Forest has a test-optional standardized testing policy. Applicants to Wake Forest may submit SAT or ACT scores to the school, but they are not required. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 45% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile Composite 29 33 This admissions data tells us that of those students who submitted ACT scores to Wake Forest, most fall within the top 9% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to Wake Forest received a composite ACT score between 29 and 33, while 25% scored above 33 and 25% scored below 29. Requirements Wake Forest does not require ACT scores for admission. GPA Wake Forest does not provide data about admitted students high school GPAs; however, in 2018, 74% of Wake Forests incoming freshman class ranked in the top 10% of their high school class. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Wake Forest University Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Wake Forest University. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Wake Forest University, which accepts fewer than a third of applicants,  is selective. However, Wake Forest uses a  holistic admissions  process which is based on much more than numbers. A strong  application essay  and glowing  letters of recommendation  can strengthen your application, as can participation in meaningful  extracurricular activities  and a  rigorous course schedule. Wake Forest also places emphasis on the interview, which is optional but strongly recommended. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. As you can see, most accepted students had averages in the A range and an SAT score (ERWM)  of 1200 or higher and an ACT score of 26 or higher. Bear in mind that Wake Forest is test-optional, so students with scores outside of the reported range need not submit their scores to Wake Forest. All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Wake Forest University Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Year end scramble for fictitious profits Example

Essays on Year end scramble for fictitious profits Essay Year-end scramble for fictitious profits Enron emerged as the globe’s energy booster, though; according to its executives, it started humble beginnings. The year 1997 was a memorable period in which they unveiled the corporation’s logo (Eichenwald 236). Its executives and the staff gathered to witness its birth, which meant to offer the firm heightened recognition globally and maintain its competitive edge as an energy company among its counterparts. However, the logo’s plan did not yield effectively to its intentions, since it failed practically in its transmission (Eichenwald 237). The urge to be the leading corporation in the field and maintain that position as well as offer handsome returns prompted the executives to apply diverse strategies. These encompassed obtaining advices from diverse and excellent accountants whom Enron deemed were proficient in investment. Unfortunately, the executives were too cunning and obsessed with making â€Å"fictitious† profits via dubious means, where sometimes they would manipulate accounting figures to fit their ambitions. Additionally, they entailed taking or borrowing subsidy from diverse sources and twist them to appear as though they were investments. 26Th Aug. 1997, Michael Kooper sent $481,850 to Andrew and Lea Fastow, which its settlement took 3 months after obtaining aid from investors in RADR plus $3, 000 profits (Eichenwald 261). This was initial cash stream where the Enron also anticipated for more in the future. Enron invested in CHEWCO, where the inside investors would only post little cash to attain control of a quarter billion dollars in JADI assets, and enrich themselves with no risk. Reconciliation of â€Å"Half-Billion Dollars† International J-Block deal = $450 M MTBE = $74 M Left amount = $105 M Enron’s included profit = $51M (comprising EES’ 7%) Without EES’ 7% profit = $49 M Hence, implying EES’ 7% = ($51-$49) M = $2 M Enron’s Reported total = $61M Total earning is for 1997 = ($51-$61) = $10M Less EES’ 7% = ($10-$2) = $8 M The statistics encompassed numerous illogical accounting plus manipulating of figures to suit the executives’ interests. Since, they were the key people who contributed immensely in making poor decisions via queer methods of funding; meant for investments. Enron, in 1999, did not have a smooth year, since it had numerous loans, which needed offloading prior it figured whether it would attain its anticipations. Besides the firm had spent much on deals, which were the cause of lousy cash flow, though, it had stable financiers at its disposal. Loans repayment prompted the firm to allow LJM2 purchase 75% interest that enabled Enron to book $16 M in earnings (Eichenwald 500). Creating $125 M, the statistics needed to incorporate the unnecessary director’s party expense, which was not for Enron’s official benefit, but involved mere squandering. Its amount ranged amid $30M to $50M, where in averaging (estimated value) we shall use $40M. That is; The profits after its increased stock value = $ 85 M Add the estimated value = +$ 40 M = $125 M Enron’s cash flow and earning took a lousy pace due to the loans it had during the year, which it cleared almost towards the end. The earnings suffered executives’ fund mismanagement that somehow made the firm not meeting its target effectively. For instance, this entailed a party that estimated amid $30M to $50M, which the executives just assumed with Enron’s massive profit that was nothing in comparison (Eichenwald 494). Sound investment requires transparency and accountability of any firm’s deals despite their meaningless value. Enron’s earnings are less than the expected value due to mishandling and manipulation of accounting figures to attract outside people especially potential investors. Work Cited Eichenwald, Kurt. Conspiracy of Fools. United States of America: Random House Large Print. 2005. Print.

Annotated Bibliography Drunk Driving - 1539 Words

Annotated Bibliography: Drunk Driving Burke, Sheila. TN Supreme Court to Hear Field Sobriety Case. The Tennessean. N.p., 23 Mar. 2013. Web. 28 Mar. 2013. This is a very interesting newspaper article out of the Tennessean. There is a huge case going on about drunk driving and field sobriety tests. This case consists of a 2009 DUI charge in Sevier County that was dismissed because car driver, David Bell, passed six field sobriety tests. The Tennessee Supreme Court has approved to take this case that could define if police officers can arrest people assumed of driving drunk after they have already pass field sobriety tests. Already three Tennessee courts have established that police needed the probable cause to arrest Bell and command a†¦show more content†¦JENSEN, CHRISTOPHER. Jan. 1 Is Worst Day for Drunken Driving. New York Times. N.p., 31 Dec. 2011. Web. 26 Mar. 2013. This article talks about all the events on New Year’s. What do you think the worse day of the year is for fatal crashes? As we all know everyone’s out on New Year’s Eve going to parties and various places. A lot of alcohol is drunk that night. A lot of people still drive even after they drink. This is what is so dangerous about the situation. Over half of all the crashes that happen on years half of them involve a drunk driver with a blood-alcohol content of at least 0.08, according to an analysis by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. If people know they’re going to drink why do they even go and then leave? The worse time that all the crashes happen is right after the ball drops a little after 12. One of my friends had this exact thing happen to him. He left a party then ran off the road and luckily he was alright and only came out with a few scratches. Kordunsky, Anna. Tougher Penalties Sought in Russia for Drunken Driving After Accident. The New York Times. The New York Times, 26 Sept. 2012. Web. 26 Mar. 2013 This source is about the Russian legislators wanting stronger measure against drunk driving. This is due to horrible accidents that happened. TheShow MoreRelatedWhat I Really Taught Me?857 Words   |  4 Pagesextended it to, â€Å"It is the best because the organization’s use of ethos, pathos, and logos create an effective call to action for viewers to make more responsible choices. The video effectively triggers the audience’s sense of understanding that drunk driving affects everyone from the victim to their family and friends†. A good thesis should not be a sentence long, it should be longer with valuable information. Another valuable concept I learned in taking this class was to perform critical readingsRead MoreDistracted Driving Annotated Bibliography1727 Words   |  7 PagesAnnotated Bibliography Distracted Driving. Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection. Detroit: Gale, 2012. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 6 Mar. 2013. In this article â€Å"Distracted Driving†, many distractions are mentioned other than just cell phone usage, such as changing the radio station or driving with kids in the back seat. It is stated that the dangers from distracted driving are because of the decrease in brain function and inability to pay full attention to the road. These practicesRead MoreUnderage Drinking Annotated Bib.3325 Words   |  14 PagesUnderage Drinking: Annotated Bibliography Alexis Richter Comp 2 February 27th, 2010 Engs, Ruth C. Why the Drinking Age Should be Lowered: An Opinion Based Upon Research. CQ Researcher. N.p., 20 Mar. 1998. Web. 9 Feb. 2011. . The article â€Å"Why the Drinking Age Should be Lowered: An Option based upon Research† is about twenty years of research based underage drinking done by Ruth Engs. It talks about the way things were in the past compared to how things are now. The research doneRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Electronic Monitoring3464 Words   |  14 PagesThe following expanded annotated bibliography will be look at the topic of electronic monitoring, it will be providing the reader with sufficient information how it could potentially be better for our society, it will also be providing studies and researches conducted on electronic monitoring This first journal is called From B. F. Skinner to Spiderman to Martha Stewart: The Past, Present and Future of Electronic Monitoring of Offenders, it is an essential journal to understand what electronic monitoringRead MoreAlcohol Annotated Bibliography Essay2886 Words   |  12 PagesJenna Knight 000474041 Mrs. Cukrowski Cornerstone 1 April 2013 Annotated Bibliography: Effects of Alcohol on the Brain Research Question: What long lasting effects does binge drinking have on the brain? As a college student, alcohol is a very real and prevalent temptation. It is a normal occurrence for a Friday night to be filled with friends, a bonfire, and alcohol out on the lake. Unfortunately, not many students know the effects of alcohol on their brain. I took a personal interest in thisRead MoreBinge Drinking4668 Words   |  19 Pagesunprotected sex which can lead to the contraction of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (DeSimone 2). In fact binge drinking causes disorientation and those who engage in it are incapacitated from making rational decisions when they are drunk. The belief that their sex appeal is enhanced is misguided. There is also the belief among those who attempt to justify binge drinking that binge drinking is a remedy for stress and that it can enhance social interaction. On the contrary, binge

Biochemistry - Effect of Temp. on Catalase Activity free essay sample

Qualitative Observations:8 2. 2 Processing Data9 Statistical Processing Calculations9 2. 3 Presenting Processed Data10 Results Table10 3 Conclusion and Evaluation11 3. 1 Conclusion11 Conclusion Statement11 Conclusion Explanation11 3. 2 Evaluation Procedures:11 Reliability11 Errors/Limitations in Experimental procedure11 Significance12 3. 3 Improving the Investigations12 Suggestions for Improvements12 Appendix13 References13 Journal14 1 Design 1. 1 Defining the problem Research Question This lab will be driven by the research question; do changes in temperature (from 0? C, 7? C, 21? C, 37? C, and 90? C) have an effect on the activity of the enzyme catalase (found in beef liver) in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide? Hypothesis If liver is placed in different temperatures of 0? C, 7? C, 21? C, 37? C, and 90? C and hydrogen peroxide is added to each piece of liver, then the liver placed in 37? C will have the largest reaction height. The liver in 90? C will have the smallest reaction height, followed by the liver in 0? C, then 7? C, and then 21? C. Background Information Pearson Baccalaureate: Standard Level Biology Developed Specifically for the IB Diploma defines enzymes as â€Å"protein molecules which act as catalysts for reactions. As catalysts, the real function of enzymes is to lower the activation energy of the reactions that they catalyze† (166). Enzymes are proteins; therefore the liver has a particularly high concentration of catalase. When hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is added to liver, catalase catalyzes a reaction in which the hydrogen peroxide is broken down into oxygen gas (O2) and liquid water (H2O). Hydrogen peroxide is a toxic chemical that is produced as a byproduct of many normal cellular reactions, so it is crucial that catalase in the liver breaks the hydrogen peroxide down into the two harmless substances of oxygen gas and liquid water. The hydrogen peroxide must be quickly degraded or converted, and catalase accomplishes this task because one molecule of catalase can deal with six million molecules of hydrogen peroxide in one minute. Enzymes and the temperature of their environment are particularly important to the human body because â€Å"Many of the reactions which represent the digestive process would need far higher temperatures than we are able to maintain safely if enzymes were not involved† (166). The prediction in the hypothesis is based on the concept of denaturation. As Pearson Baccalaureate: Standard Level Biology Developed Specifically for the IB Diploma states, â€Å"Reactions which use enzymes do have an upper limit. That limit is based on the temperature at which the enzyme (as a protein) begins to lose its three-dimensional shape due to intramolecular bonds being stressed and broken. When an enzyme loses it shape, including the shape of the active site, it is said to be denatured† (75). Due to denaturation, the liver placed in 100? C will have the smallest reaction height because at this temperature catalase will begin to denature. Because â€Å"reactions with or without enzymes will increase their reaction rate as temperature (and thus molecular motion) increases†, the liver placed in 0? C, 7? C, and 21? C will have small reaction heights, but the heights will increase as temperature increases (75). The liver placed in 37? C will have the greatest reaction height because â€Å"human catalase works at an optimum temperature of 37? C, which is approximately the temperature of the human body†. Although this lab is using beef liver instead of a human liver, the optimum temperature for beef liver should be similar to that of humans. The predictive graph on the previous page represents how as the temperature of beef liver originally increases, the height of the reaction increases as well due to an increase in molecular collisions. At a certain temperature, the catalase will reach its optimum temperature and have the greatest height of reaction. However, as the temperature continues to increase the enzyme will begin to lose its shape and denature, so the height of the reaction will decrease. This lab will be using beef liver, which contains the specific enzyme catalase, and by placing the liver into different temperatures it will be assessed how catalase performs under certain conditions. After the liver has been placed in different temperatures, hydrogen peroxide will be added to each piece of liver, and by measuring the height of the chemical reaction it will be determined which temperatures catalase performs the best in. Reactions with a high height will represent catalase quickly and efficiently breaking down the hydrogen peroxide, and reactions with a low height will represent catalase slowly and inefficiently breaking down the hydrogen peroxide. This lab will serve as a model for the role of enzymes in the human body, and will outline the importance of enzymes for the human body. Investigation Variables Independent Variables The independent variable is the temperature of the liver, and it will be measured in ? C. The different temperatures used will be 0? C, 7? C, 21? C, 37? C, and 90? C. Dependent Variables The dependent variable is the height of the reaction, and the bubbles of gas produced will be measured in millimetres (mm). 1. 2 Controlling Variables Control Variables Table 1: Control variables and their treatments Variable | Effect | Control | Size of liver | Could increase or decrease the height of the reaction. A larger piece of liver means more catalase, which could break down the H2O2 at a more efficient rate than smaller pieces of liver. | Cut every piece of liver the same size by weighing each piece on an electric beam balance. Each piece of liver is approximately 1. 4g. pH | pH has an effect on enzymes and each enzyme has an optimal pH. By making the liver more acidic, basic, or neutral the height of the reaction could increase or decrease as it deviates from its optimal pH. | Do not change the pH of any of the solutions. This lab is only investigating the effect of temperature on enzyme activity, not the effect of pH on enzyme activity, so nothing should be added to the li ver that would increase or decrease the pH. | Time | If some pieces of liver are kept in their specific temperatures longer than others, the height of the reaction could be greatly affected. By keeping the liver in its temperature for a shorter period of time, the liver itself has less time to change temperature which could greatly alter the results. | Keep all of the pieces of liver in their specified temperatures for five minutes. | Size of test tube| Different sized test tubes will hold different volumes of O2 and will give incorrect measurements with the ruler| Keep all the test tubes the same size – with volume of 30cm3| Uncontrolled Variables The variables that will be difficult to control include air pressure in the lab and the volume of the liver. Measures will be taken to reduce the effect of these on the experiment by keeping air conditioning at 21? C and cutting the liver close to the same shape and size. Control Experiment The control experiment for this investigation will be the experimental setup at 0? C. All the steps in the method will be followed at this temperature. At 0? C the experiment should not proceed as the energy needed for enzyme action is unavailable. 1. 3 Experimental Method Materials and Equipment 10 Test Tubes 1 Package of Beef Liver 2 250mL Beakers 2 Test Tube Racks 1Forceps Hot Plate 1LIce 1 Plastic Bin 20 mlHydrogen Peroxide 1 100 mL Beaker 1 10mL Graduated Cylinder 5 Thermometers 1 Sharpie 1 Electronic Beam Balance 1 Knife Method 1. Prepare an ice bath by placing ice into a container, and place a thermometer into the ice bath. Wait until the temperature has reached 0? C. 2. Prepare two more water baths like this at 7? C and 21? C. (You can replace these two temperatures with that of the fridge and ro om) 3. Prepare a hot water bath by placing a 250mL beaker filled with water on a hot plate, and place a thermometer into the water. Wait until the temperature has reached 90? C. You can use and electric water bath if one is available. 4. Prepare a warm water bath by placing a 250mL beaker filled with water on a hot plate, and place a thermometer into the water. Wait until the temperature has reached 37? C. You can use and electric water bath if one is available. 5. Obtain beef liver and cut the liver into 10 slices which are approximately the same size. Weigh each slice on an electronic beam balance to ensure they are the same weight. 6. Obtain 10 test tubes and place them into a test tube rack. Label 5 test tubes with a number from 1-5, and repeat for the remaining five test tubes. 7. Obtain 15mL of hydrogen peroxide and a graduated cylinder. 8. With forceps, place a piece of liver into each of the test tubes. 9. After the liver has been placed in the test tubes labelled 3, place a thermometer into the test tube rack and wait for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, pour 2mL of hydrogen peroxide into each of the test tubes, observe the reaction, and label the height of the reaction after 1 minute with a Sharpie. (This is the experiment at room temperature. If you have prepared a water bath at 21? C then use it instead). 10. Remove both of the test tubes labelled 1 from the test tube rack, place them in the ice bath, and wait for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, remove the test tubes from the ice bath, add 2mL of hydrogen peroxide into each of the test tubes, observe the reaction, and label the height of the reaction after 1 minute. 11. Remove both of the test tubes labelled 2 from the test tube rack, place them in a different test tube rack and place this rack into the fridge. Place a thermometer into the fridge as well. Wait for 5 minutes, and then read the temperature of the fridge and remove the test tubes. Pour 2mL of hydrogen peroxide into each of the test tubes, observe the reaction, and label the height of the reaction after 1 minute. (If you have prepared a water bath at 7? C then use it instead). 12. Remove both of the test tubes labelled 4 from the test tube rack, place them in the warm water bath (37? C), and wait for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, remove the test tubes from the warm water bath, add 2mL of hydrogen peroxide into each of the test tubes, observe the reaction, and label the height of the reaction after 1 minute. 3. Remove both of the test tubes labelled 5 from the test tube rack, place them in the hot water bath (90? C), and wait for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, remove the test tubes from the hot water bath, add 2mL of hydrogen peroxide into each of the test tubes, observe the reaction, and label the height of the reaction after 1 minute. 14. With a ruler, measure from the bottom of the test tube to the mark which labels the maximum height of the reaction after 1 minute. Repeat this for all 10 test tubes, and record the measurements in your data table. 15. Pour the liver from each test tube into a waste beaker, clean each of the test tubes out, and put all materials away. 16. Combine the data that your own group obtained with the data from two other groups. This will allow for six trials worth of data, and once you obtain this sufficient amount of data, calculate the average height of the reaction for each of the five temperatures over the six trials, and then calculate the standard deviation for each of the five temperatures over the six trials as well. Variable | Unit of Precision | Error/Uncertainty | Temperature | ? C | +/- 0. 5? C | Height | mm | +/- 0. 5mm | In the procedure, the maximum height of the reaction will be determined by marking the position of the tallest bubble that results from the reaction. Practical Safety and Risk Assessment All care will be taken when dealing with hot plate and hot water to prevent burning and scalding. The knife and glassware will be used carefully and hand gloves will be worn when handling hydrogen peroxide. Note the following hazards with hydrogen peroxide: Contact with eyes can cause serious long term damage. The solution is corrosive and can cause skin burns. For eye contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water. For skin contact, wash off with plenty of water. Setup Diagram Liver | 2 ml of Hydrogen peroxide | Liver | 2 ml of Hydrogen peroxide | 2 Data collection and processing 2. 1 Recording Raw Data Sufficiency of Data This lab will be investigating the effect of temperature on the activity of the enzyme catalase. In this lab, five different temperatures will be investigated (0? C, 7? C, 21? C, 37? C, 90? C). Each temperature will have six trials, and this will ensure the reliability of the data. With the sufficient data, the standard deviation and mean will be calculated for each temperature. The rate of reaction at the different temperatures will also be calculated. Results – Raw Data Table 2: height of reaction of hydrogen peroxide on liquid beef liver in different temperatures | Height of Reaction ( ±0. 5mm)| Temperature ( ±0. 5C °) | Trial 1| Trial 2| Trial 3| Trial 4| Trial 5| Trial 6| 0. 0| 115. 0| 123. 0| 134. 0| 132. 0| 102. 0| 108. 0| 7. | 125. 0| 134. 0| 128. 0| 118. 0| 96. 0| 90. 0| 21. 0| 127. 0| 124. 0| 134. 0| 129. 0| 110. 0| 114. 0| 37. 0| 147. 0| 139. 0| 149. 0| 137. 0| 128. 0| 106. 0| 90. 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| Note: The highlighted data is the data obtained by me. The rest of the data has been collected from Brendon Song and Skye Rodgers. Qualitative Observations: In this photo, both test tubes were put into the freezer and kept at a tempera ture of 0 degrees. 2mL of hydrogen peroxide were added into the liquid beef liver and the bubbles were formed. However, it is evident that there is a significant height difference between the two trials and the test tube on the right has a large gap at the bottom. Also, the left test tube’s bubbles seem to be much more concentrated than the right tube, this could cause inaccuracy in the data due to the gap increased the height of reaction but the amount of bubbles produced wasn’t actually significantly higher. This test tube was placed in 90 degrees hot water for five minutes, and the colour of the liquid beef liver has changed from a dark pink colour to a brownish colour as shown in the picture. This can possibly suggest that the catalase in beef liver was denatured in the high temperature which resulted in no reaction at all when hydrogen peroxide was added in. 2. 2 Processing Data Statistical Processing Calculations Table 3: Statistical Processing – The following sample calculations will be done for the raw data Statistical Analysis| Formulae| Meaning of Symbols| Sample Calculation| Mean| | The mean or averagesum of sample measurements number of samples | = 115+113+134+132+102+108 6 ? 17. 3| Standard Deviation| | S = standard deviationx = each individual valueX = mean of all measurements= deviation from mean = degrees of freedom| Calculated in Microsoft Excel| | Height of Reaction ( ±0. 5mm)| | Temperature( ±0. 5 °C) | Trial 1 | Trial 2 | Trial 3 | Trial 4 | Trial 5 | Trial 6 | Average Height of Reaction | Standard Deviation (mm +/- 0. 5mm) | 0. 0| 115. 0| 113. 0| 134. 0| 132. 0| 102. 0| 108. 0| 117. 3| 12. 9| 7. 0| 125. 0| 134. 0| 128. 0| 118. 0| 96. 0| 90. 0| 115. 1| 18. 0| 21. 0| 127. 0| 124. | 134. 0| 129. 0| 110. 0| 114. 0| 123. 0| 9. 2| 37. 0| 147. 0| 139. 0| 149. 0| 137. 0| 128. 0| 106. 0| 134. 3| 15. 8| 90. 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| 0. 0| Table 4: Average height of reaction and standard deviation of hydrogen peroxide on liquid beef liver in different temperatures 2. 3 Presenting Processed Data Results Table Graph 1: Temperature vs. average height of reaction 3 Conclusion and Evaluation 3. 1 Conclusion Conclusion Statement The results obtained from this lab support my hypothesis. My hypothesis was: If liver is placed in different temperatures of 0? C, 7? C, 21? C, 37? C, and 90? C and hydrogen peroxide is added to each piece of liver, then the liver placed in 37? C will have the largest reaction height. The liver in 90? C will have the smallest reaction height, followed by the liver in 0? C, then 7? C, and then 21? C. By viewing the average height of the reaction, these results are supported. The liver placed in 37 °C had an average reaction height of 134. 3mm, 0? C has a height of 117. 3mm, 7? C has a height of 115. mm, 21? C has a height of 123. 0mm and 90? Chas a height of 0. 0mm. This data coincides with the predictions stated in the hypothesis, where I stated â€Å"The liver in 90? C will have the smallest reaction height. † By observing the constructed graph in Introduction, it is clear that the average height of the reaction initially increased as the temperature increased, but when temperatures increased past optimum (37 °C), the rate of re action starts decreasing until the temperature reaches to 90 °C and the reaction completely stopped. Graph 1 constructed from the obtained data shows that rate of reaction continuously to rise to 37 degrees and starts dropping until 90 degrees. These results outline the effect of temperature on enzyme activity, and it is apparent that changes in temperature do have an effect on the enzyme catalase. Conclusion Explanation The results obtained give increased insight into the role of enzymes in the human body. The beef liver closely modelled the human liver, and it is clear that catalase works best at an optimum temperature of 37 degrees. This is important because humans maintain a stable body temperature of 36 to 37 degrees, and with the aid of enzymes this temperature provides enough activation energy for metabolic reactions, in this case the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen gas and liquid water. The liquid liver catalase didn’t react well in 100 degrees temperature because the high temperature that the liver was exposed to cause the protein enzyme to become denatured resulting in a loss of 3-D structure and hence stop enzyme activity when hydrogen peroxide it added in. 3. 2 Evaluation Procedures: Reliability While the results obtained from this lab clearly support my hypothesis, the examination of the calculated standard deviation for each temperature is 12. 9mm, 18. 0mm, 9. 2mm, 15. 8mm and 0. 0mm. This range in standard deviation is due to errors that may have occurred throughout the lab. The liver placed in 0? C had a standard deviation of 12. 9mm, the liver placed in 12. 9mm for 0 degrees, 18. 0mm for 7 degrees. 9. 2mm for 21 degrees, 15. 8mm for 37 degree and 0. 0mm for 90 degrees. The larger the standard deviation, the less reliable the data is. The error bars are the graphical representation of the variability of data it either shows range of data or standard deviation. The smaller the errors bars are the more reliable the data is. Errors bars can vary greatly depending on the number of trials in an experiment, the more trials means higher accuracy hence smaller error bars. Errors/Limitations in Experimental procedure The first limitation in this experiment was that the temperature wasn’t very accurate and stable throughout the conduct of this lab due to the fridge and freezer’s door was frequently opened by other students who were doing the same experiment. The second limitation is that the temperature could not be kept at the same degree, the temperature will rise once the test tubes are taken out of the freezer/fridge this can cause some inaccuracy when recording the data. Another limitation which may cause the unreliability of the data is that the hydrogen peroxide acid couldn’t be added to the test tubes at the same time, this could cause a small temperature difference between the two trials which may result in slightly different height of reaction. The forth limitation in this lab is the measurement of the height of reaction weren’t recorded at the exact same time due to it takes time to measure each sample’s reaction height so some bubbles may evaporate during this process and therefore decrease the height of reaction. The last limitation is that the measurement of the amount of hydrogen peroxide added into the liquid liver couldn’t be measured at exactly 2mL because of human errors when using measuring cylinder to obtain the acid, this can result in slight differences between each trial. Significance The five limitations stated above were mainly temperature errors and measuring errors. All these limitations have a certain effect the accuracy of the data; however, the uncertainties of each limitation were very small to have significant effect on the final result. The temperature difference for the first limitation stated above could be as small as 1 degree which won’t make any large difference for the data. The measuring limitations also nly have a small effect on overall result because six trials’ of height of reaction for each temperature was recorded so the measuring inaccuracy can be ignored. Overall, the uncertainties for this experiment are fairly low therefore the results obtained are quite reliable for school study purpose. 3. 3 Improving the Investigations Suggestions for Improvements For the first limitation stated above, the inaccuracy was caused by frequently opening the fridge’s doors so the temperature can’t stay at same which resulted in some differences when recording the data. This limitation could be avoided if all the students place their test tubes in the fridge at the same time and leave the fridge closed for a full five minutes before opening again. By doing this, the temperature of the liquid liver catalase can be assured to be at the designated degrees after 5 minutes and the data collected will be more accurate. The second limitation can be avoided only if the hydrogen peroxide acid was added in right after the samples get taken out from the fridge. This can make sure the temperature is remained at the same degrees when the solute is added in hence the data will be a bit more accurate. However, this improvement is hard to carry out because it takes some time to walk back to the working station and add in the hydrogen peroxide, during this process, the temperature may increase due to room temperature is higher. The third limitation could possibly be avoided if two measuring cylinders were available for each student to use and the conductor of this lab use both hands to put the hydrogen peroxide acid in at the exact same time. The results’ accuracy will improve by doing this but it won’t make any big difference in the final result. The forth limitation can be avoided if another student helps to measure the second test tube while the conductor of this experiment measure another one at the same time so that the maximum height of reaction is accurately recorded without any delay. The last limitation can be avoided using a pipette when obtaining the hydrogen peroxide acid, the uncertainty will be greatly reduced by doing this and thereby making the results more reliable. Appendix References Damon, Alan, Randy McGonegal, Patricia Tosto, and William Ward. Pearson Baccalaureate: Standard Level Biology for the IB Diploma (Pearson International Baccalaureate Diploma: International Editions). n/a: Imprint Unknown, 2008. Print. â€Å"Effect of Catalase on Hydrogen Peroxide. † http://www. sciencegeek. net/Biology/biopdfs/Lab_Catalase. pdf. (25 Jan. 2013). Journal Name: Jerry Li Research Journal Project title: Investigation of a Factor Affecting Enzyme Action Total hours research: 2 hours Date| Research/Activity/Action/Outcome| Time Used| 1/02/2013| Task sheet and instructions were given in class today | 30 mins| 09/02/2013| Researched factors that affect enzyme activities and wrote down some important notes for the experiment| 90 mins| 13/02/2013| The experiment was done in class today, raw data were collected and put into the raw data table| 60 mins| 18/02/2013| Data from other students were collected and put into the table of raw data| 30 mins| 25/02/2013| C ompleted writing Part 2 (Data collecting and Processing) of the IA| 90 mins| 02/03/2013| Full lab report completed and fixed up a few errors| 120 mins |

Fringe Benefit Tax And Capital Gain Tax-Free Sample

Question 1: Alan is an employee at ABC Pty Ltd (ABC). He has negotiated the following remuneration package withABC: salary of $300,000; Payment of Alan's mobile phone bill ($220 per month, including GST). Alan is under a two-yearcontract whereby he is required to pay a fixed sum each month for unlimited usage of his phone.Alan uses the phone for work-related purposes only; Payment of Alan's children's school fees ($20,000 per year). The school fees are GST free.ABC also provided Alan with the latest mobile phone handset, which cost $2,000 (including GST). At the end of the year ABC hosted a dinner at a local Thai restaurant for all 20 employees and theirpartners. The total cost of the dinner was $6,600 including GST. (a) Advise ABC of its FBT consequences arising out of the above information, including calculation ofany FBT liability, for the year ending 31 March 2014. Assume that ABC would be entitled to inputtax credits in relation to any GST-inclusive acquisitions. (b) How would your answer to (a) differ if ABC only had 5 employees? (c) How would your answer to (a) differ if clients of ABC also attended the end-of-year dinner? Question 2: Dave Solomon is 59 years of age and is planning for his retirement. Following a visit to his financialadviser in March of the current tax year, Dave wants to contribute funds to his personal superannuationfund before 30 June of the current tax year. He has decided to sell the majority of his assets to raise the$1,000,000. He then intends to rent a city apartment and withdraw tax-free amounts from his personalsuperannuation account once he turns 60 in August of the next year. Dave has provided you with thefollowing details of the assets he has sold: (i) A two-storey residence at St Lucia in which he has lived for the last 30 years. He paid $70,000 topurchase the property and received $850,000 on 27 June of the current tax year, after the realagent deducted commissions of $15,000. The residence was originally sold at auctionand the buyer placed an $85,000 deposit on the property. Unfortunately, two weeks later thebuyer indicated that he did not have sufficient funds to proceed with the purchase, therebyforfeiting his deposit to Dave on 1 May of the current tax year. The real estate agents thennegotiated the sale of the residence to another interested party. (ii) A painting by Pro Hart that he purchased on 20 September 1985 for $15,000. The painting wassold at auction on 31 May of the current tax year for $125,000. (iii) A luxury motor cruiser that he has moored at the Manly Yacht club. He purchased the boat inlate 2004 for $110,000. He sold it on 1 June of the current tax year to a local boat broker for$60,000. (iv) On 5 June of the current tax year he sold for $80,000 a parcel of shares in a newly listed miningcompany. He purchased these shares on 10 January of the current tax year for $75,000. Heborrowed $70,000 to fund the purchase of these shares and incurred $5,000 in interest on theloan. He also paid $750 in brokerage on the sale of the shares and $250 in stamp duty on thepurchase of these shares. Dave has contacted the ATO and they have advised him that theinterest on the loan will not be an allowable deduction because the shares are not generatingany assessable income. Dave has also indicated that his taxation return for the year ended 30 June of the previous yearshows a net capital loss of $10,000 from the sale of shares. These shares were the only assets hesold in that year. (a) Based on the information above, determine Dave Solomons net capital gain or net capital lossfor the year ended 30 June of the current tax year. (b) If Dave has a net capital gain, what does he do with this amount? (c) If Dave has a net capital loss, what does he do with this amount? Answer 1: FBT is known as Fringe Benefit Tax is tax imposed on benefits paid to the employees by the company. There are many perquisites paid to the employees apart from the salary. So these are included in the ordinary income of the employee. The whole part of the benefit is not taxable, only some portion of it is included in the taxable ordinary income. FBT is assessed under Fringe Benefit Tax Assessment Act 1986. The tax rate applicable is 46.5%. There are 13 different types of fringe benefits provided to the employees by the employer. All are valued differently. For the employer who provides such benefit to the employee, the cost of such perquisite is deductible in the hands of the employer 8-1 Income Tax Assessment Act 1997. This type of tax comes into picture when a benefit is provided to the employee during a year. Such benefit is provided by an employer or b an associate of the employer or by some third party, but the associate or the third party must have an agreement with the employer. There are certain exclusions from the fringe benefit tax. These are Salary Wages : As these are directly taxable as ordinary income Superannuation Contributions The schemes like Employee share schemes. There are certain benefits that are exempt specifically. The various categories of fringe benefit tax are as follows Car Wavier of any kind of debt Loan provided Expense Payment Housing Allowance provided to the employee for living away Transportation from airline Meal expense or entertainment expense Car parking Property, etc (Australian Taxation Office, 2014) All the benefits have their own valuation rules. To in house benefits certain concessional treatment applies. There is a rule known as otherwise deductible rule. This rule applies to the following Fringe Benefit for Loan Payment for expense Fringe Benefit Transportation through Airline Fringe Benefit How to calculate Fringe Benefit Tax (Steps) First of all the taxable portion of all fringe benefit is calculated The benefits are segregated into two parts Goods and Service Tax creditable benefits known to be type 1 Other benefits known to be type 2 The value of benefit under type 1 is multiplied by 2.0647 and the benefit under type 2 is multiplied by 1.8692. To the amount calculated under step 3, we need to add the amount that is not exempt Now we need to know the taxable value of fringe benefit in order to include the amount of fringe benefit to the ordinary income of the taxpayer. This is calculated as follows Fringe Benefit Taxable Amount = (Type 1 * 2.0647) + (Type 2 * 1.8692) + Total Non-Exempt Amount Fringe Benefit Taxable Amount * 46.5% Let us analyze the case of Alan who is an employee of ABC Pty Ltd 1. Salary $300000: Will be directly included in the ordinary income and will be taxable at the normal slab rates 2. Payment of mobile phone bill = $220*12= $2640. This is inclusive of Goods and Service Tax. So it shall be included under the heading type 1. We can see from the question that the amount will fall under the heading type 1. In question one thing is mentioned that the mobile phone is utilized fully for work related purpose. In such case the amount is not taxable and is exempt. 3. The school fees paid by the employer on behalf of the employee is Goods and Service Tax free and is included under Type 2 4. Alan is provided latest mobile handset which cost $20,000 per annum. This is inclusive of Goods and Service Tax. So it shall be included under the heading type 1. We can see from the question that the amount will fall under the heading type 1. 5. Dinner is provided to all the 20 employees and their partners. The total cost of the meal was $6600. This is inclusive of Goods and Service Tax. So it shall be included under the heading type 1. We can see from the question that the amount will fall under the heading type 1. But the tax law says that in case if a perquisite is below $300 then it is a minor benefit and is exempt. Employees are 20 in number and we assume that there are more than 2 partners. In such case the food value per person falls below $300 and hence is exempt. The calculation for Fringe Benefit Tax is done as follows (a)Type 1:$2000 Type 2:$20000 Therefore, Fringe Benefit Taxable Amount = (Type 1 * 2.0647) + (Type 2 * 1.8692) + Total Non-Exempt Amount Fringe Benefit Taxable Amount = ($2000*2.0647)+($20000*1.8692)=$4129.4+$37384 = $41513.4 Amount to be included in the ordinary income = $41513.4*46.5%=$19303.731 (b) In case if the employer had only 5 employees then we can remove the assumption that we took above that the food cost per person will be more less than $300. We are not having the exact number of partners in order to know the food cost per person. So we cannot exactly calculate the benefit amount. This is inclusive of Goods and Service Tax. So it shall be included under the heading type 1. We can see from the question that the amount will fall under the heading type 1. So the amount will be multiplied by 2.0647. (c) In case if the total members including partners and clients is more than 22 then the answer will be similar to (a) and incase if the total members including partners and clients is not more than 22 then the answer will be similar to (b). Answer 2: (a) Computation Of Capital Gain For Dave Solomon For The Year Ended On 30 June Particulars Amount (in$) Total Amount (in $) Exempt: Proceeds Cost Base Of Home Property - (claiming the main residence i.e. family home exemption as it is exempted under the definition of CGT) Add: #Proceeds of Painting in the current year 125,000.00 Less: Cost Base of Painting acquired in 1985 after indexation (15000*123.4/71.3)=25960.73 (25,960.73) 150,960.73 Add: Proceeds of Luxury Motor Cruiser in the current year 60,000.00 Less: Cost Base of Luxury Motor Cruiser acquired in 2004 (110,000.00) (50,000.00) Add: Proceeds of Shares 80,000.00 Less: Cost Base (75,000.00) Less: Interest cost deduction (5000/5=1000) (1,000.00) Less: Brokerage On Shares deduction (750.00) Less: Stamp duty on Shares deduction (250.00) 3,000.00 Less: Previous Year Capital Loss Deduction (10,000.00) (10,000.00) Net Capital Gain For The Current Year 93,960.73 #Painting acquired is not considered in the category of collectables as Dave Solomon acquired it for the value less than $500 before 16 December 1995. Exceptions and exemptions: Commonly speaking, a capital profit or capital loss on items below mentioned is not applicable: 1. Assets acquired before 20 September 1985 2. Cars, motorcycles and alike vehicles 3. Reimbursement received for particular injury 4. Disposal of main residence (family home) 5. A collectable, for example, painting, which acquired for $500 or less 6. A private used asset kept mainly for private use or pleasure. If assesse acquired it for more than $10,000, is disregarded for only capital losses. 7. If it is acquired for $10,000 or less, it is disregarded for both capital gains and capital losses. (b) Functioning out net capital gain or loss - After finding out Capital Gains Tax of each asset, Assesse needs to calculate Net Capital Gain from the below mentioned formula - Net capital gain = Total capital profit for the current year Less: Total capital losses (including any net capital losses from previous years) Normally, CGT is not an isolated tax. The net capital profits forms part of assesse assessable income in the year the CGT event occurred and is to be paid as a part of assesses income tax assessment for the respective income year. As assets are often long term assesse needs to keep records safely and securely relating to purchase, conservation and enhancements. This will help not only in finally working out the amount that is subject to Capital Gains Tax but also helps in recollecting the true base costs that has been spent. Some records which are specifically needed to keep include: Interest paid/to be paid on related loans Grosses of purchases Histories of expenses like audit fees, stamp duty etc. Incomes covering taxes, bills, rates etc. Grosses for repairs, maintenance and improvements Any arcade evaluations Grosses for stocks brokerage (c) Functioning out net capital gain or loss - Once assesse finds capital loss for each capital asset he/she needs to find out his/her net capital loss for the year. Net capital loss = Total capital losses (including any net capital losses from preceding years) Less: Your total capital gains for the year Assesse cannot deduct his/her net capital loss straight from his/her other incomes, but he/she can carry it forward and subtract it from capital gains in future income years. There is no such time limit restriction on how long one can carry onward a net capital loss. One must put on his/her capital losses counter to his/her capital gains in the order in which he/she made them. They cannot choose not to counter capital losses against capital gains if they have them, however, they can choose which capital gains to deduct their losses from. Net losses arising from collectables can only be deducted from capital gains made from respective category of collectables only, and not from other capital gains. There are some limitations and prohibitions on whether or how companies and trusts handle capital losses and there are some capital losses that assesse must disregard. References: ANON, N.D., Capital Gains Tax on Shares and Units, viewed on 11 January 2014. ANON, N.D., Capital Gains Tax on Home, viewed on 11 January 2014. ANON, N.D., Capital Gains Tax Exemptions, viewed on 11 January 2014. ANON, N.D., Calculating a Capital Loss, viewed on 11 January 2014. ANON, N.D., Calculating and Paying Capital Gains Tax, viewed on 11 January 2014. ANON, N.D., Step By Step Guide to Capital Gains Tax, viewed on 11 January 2014.